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1.
Árpád Ambrus Zsuzsanna Horváth Júlia Szenczi-Cseh István J. Szabó 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2018,53(6):394-403
ABSTRACTThe calculation of the combined uncertainty of the international estimated short-term intake (IESTI) of ethephon residues in apples is shown as an example. The ethephon residues in apples were reported by the Joint FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations)/WHO (World Health Organization) Meeting on Pesticide Residues (JMPR). The apple consumption data were taken from the IESTI (international short-term intake) calculation template used by the JMPR. The IESTI was calculated with the currently used method (case 2a) and a proposed one recommended by the EFSA (European Food Safety Authority)/RIVM (Dutch National Institute for Public Health) Scientific Workshop co-sponsored by FAO and WHO. In this example, the ratio of IESTIproposed/IESTIcurrent and their combined relative uncertainty are about 2.8, and 1.7, respectively. The larger IESTI and uncertainty obtained with the proposed equation are the consequence of calculation only with the large portion (LP) instead of its combination with unit mass, and the MRL instead of the highest residue (HR). The LP is the major contributor to the combined uncertainty. Both the calculated IESTI and its combined uncertainty depend on the actual food – pesticide residue combination, and should be calculated for each case. 相似文献
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Electric Arc Furnace dusts are considered hazardous waste due to their high heavy metals content (zinc, lead, etc.). The Waelz process is one of the most efficient technologies, in terms of capacity and quality, able to recover nearly the 90% of zinc contained in such EAF dusts. Unfortunately, the resulting slag still has eco-compatibility problems, although its mechanical and chemical properties are suitable for civil engineering applications. Stabilization tests, by quartz addition, were performed on EAF dusts in a laboratory furnace. Temperature, treatment time and cooling rate were varied in order to define the best conditions for regulating the formation of a stable microstructure able to hinder the release of substances. Microstructural characterization was carried-out using SEM and XRD analysis. Leaching tests were performed according to EN 12457-2 standards and water analyses were performed using ICP-OES. The best chemical stability was achieved when dust powders were mixed with 20% of silica and water-cooled. 相似文献
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农药混配制剂环境风险评估现状与展望 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
本文综述了欧洲和美国农药混配制剂的环境风险评估方法。详细介绍了欧洲食品安全局(EFSA)评估体系中的2种方法,即,基础的"整体测试法"和近年来提倡的"基于组分的方法"。"基于组分的方法"的特点是以浓度加和模型(CA模型)作为默认假设进行初级评估,以独立作用模型(IA模型)等作为高级评估手段的农药混配制剂环境风险评估方法。此外,本文还介绍了模型偏差率(MDR)、毒性相似度及毒力单元(TU)等概念以及混配制剂风险评估流程。本文的目的旨在为建立我国农药混配制剂的环境风险评估方法体系提供参考。 相似文献
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石墨烯是促进还是抑制嗜酸性氧化亚铁硫杆菌生长? 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
尽管石墨烯以其独特的光学、电学、力学特性在各大领域都具有广阔的应用前景,但其工业化使用后在环境当中的行为,特别是遗留下的石墨烯对生态系统的毒性研究则鲜见报道.因此,本文以嗜酸性氧化亚铁硫杆菌(Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans)为目标微生物,探讨不同浓度(1、10、50 mg·L-1)石墨烯对Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans的毒性效应.结果表明,石墨烯对Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans的生长有明显抑制作用,且抑制作用随着石墨烯浓度的降低而增强.在石墨烯投加量为1 mg·L-1时,培养48 h后菌株的生长量OD420达到最大值0.045,低于空白组的0.163;并且其可溶性蛋白含量也达到最大值1.546 mg·L-1,低于空白组的3.789 mg·L-1.不同浓度石墨烯对体系p H和ORP均存在不同程度的影响,低浓度下的石墨烯影响最为显著.此外,通过扫描电镜(SEM)和荧光显微镜分析,进一步证实Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans能在高浓度的石墨烯上生长,而低浓度的石墨烯则会对细胞膜造成损伤,它极其尖锐的边缘是细菌失活的有效机制.因此,石墨烯的毒性具有剂量效应,这一结果可为石墨烯合理利用及评价其生态毒性提供理论依据. 相似文献
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对乌鲁木齐市具有代表性的民用住宅室内氡浓度进行了连续一年的监测调查,调查结果显示室内氡浓度平均值55.4 Bq/m3,低于国标的“200 Bq/m3”,并据此估算出其所致居民的年均有效剂量为1.400 mSv,以及所致居民支气管上皮组织、肺、性腺、骨髓及骨表面细胞等关键组织的年吸收剂量分别为1886.49,378.96,2.80,3.20,3.20μGy/a,大于UNSCEAR2000年报告的世界平均值1.008 mSv,结合室内氡的主要来源,提出了对建筑材料进行放射性监测、控制装修、工程竣工后开展室内环境监测、加强室内通风以及开展室内氡污染治理等措施控制室内氡浓度水平。 相似文献
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The release of radioactive materials from the Fukushima nuclear power plant after the Great East Japan Earthquake on 11 March 2011 poses health risks. In this study, the intake of iodine 131 (I-131) in drinking water and foods (milk, dairy products, and vegetables) by citizens of Tokyo was estimated. The effects of countermeasures (restrictions on the distribution of foods and the distribution of bottled water for infants) on reducing intake were also evaluated. The average thyroid equivalent doses without countermeasures from 21 March 2011 were 0.42 mSv in adults, 1.49 mSv in children, and 2.08 mSv in infants. Those with countermeasures were 0.28, 0.97, and 1.14 mSv respectively, reductions of 33%, 35%, and 45%. Drinking water contributed more to intake by adults and children than foods. The intake of I-131 within the first 2 weeks was more than 80% of the estimated intake, owing to its short half-life, indicating that rapid countermeasures are important in reducing intake. The average risks of cancer incidence and mortality due to I-131 for infants were estimated to be 3 × 10−5 and 0.2 × 10−5, respectively, lower than the annual risks of traffic accidents, naturally occurring radioactive material (potassium 40), and environmental pollutants such as diesel exhaust particles. 相似文献